Brazil's former president Jair Bolsonaro has questioned the integrity of the country's electoral system, publicly denounced the authority of the country's Supreme Court, and many had feared he would refuse to step down after losing his election to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (known as Lula).

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into separate bands. The C-band is a portion of the spectrum that is useful for satellite and terrestrial broadcasts, including satellite communication, cellar networks, aviation, television, etc. Due to high demand for this limited resource, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), alongside other countries' regulatory bodies, restrict broadcasting rights on the C-band to prevent interference.

The FCC has conducted “spectrum auctions” since 1994, whereby the highest bidders are granted more licenses to use portions of the spectrum. Recently, the FCC auctioned 100MHz of the C-band for 5G networks; AT&T spent $9 billion to win 40% (i.e., 40 MHz) of broadcasting licenses available in this auction, whereas other companies won a smaller fraction of the available licenses.

While some governments use spectrum auctions, other mechanisms to allocate spectrum licenses have also been used. For example, prior to 1994, the FCC often used “comparative hearings,” whereby the FCC would litigate the merits of each applicant, and assign spectrum licenses accordingly. Comparative hearings do not necessarily depend on the financial capital of the applicant; rather, government entities weigh the benefits and drawbacks of each application separately.

"Women on the edge" refers to a trend in literature where women protagonists spend the majority of their stories experiencing extremely challenging circumstances, unpacking serious trauma, and struggling with their mental health. Authors who often write about "women on the edge" include Sally Rooney, Raven Leilani, and Ottessa Moshfegh.

A trolley is rolling down a track towards a single individual who is tied down, unable to escape. However, there is a lever that, if pulled, would divert the trolley onto an alternate track, where a computer simulation of a person is tied down. Specifically, this simulation perceives the trolley approaching much like the 'real' person; the simulation is also able to experience intense, human-like emotions, such as fear, pain, regret, pleasure, and so on. In other words, it is a unique entity that perceives its own existence, much like all 'real' individuals perceive their own existence. It is impossible to save both the individual and the simulated person.

The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is the largest mixed martial arts (MMA) organization and promotion company and in the world. UFC athletes compete in various weight divisions. Within each division, fighters work their way up the rankings with the goal of becoming the ‘champion’. Every time a current champion fights, their title is up for grabs. There is no formal structure that determines which fighters are next in line for a title shot. Rather, title challengers are decided based on a combination of factors, including competitive success, marketability, ‘hype’, and other extraneous circumstances. Some fighters receive title shots after only a year; others may fight for 5 -10 years before receiving a title shot, if at all. Similarly, some champions defend their title for years, while others may lose their title to their first challenger.

By contrast, The Professional Fighters League (PFL) is a newer and smaller MMA organization. Like the UFC, PFL fighters compete in different weight divisions, although the championship format follows a formal structure that resembles other professional sports leagues. There is a new season every year, during which fighters compete twice, accumulating points throughout these fights based on their performances. The fighters with the most points are invited to compete in a single elimination playoff, the winner of which is crowned that year’s PFL World Champion.

'X' is a rogue cybergroup with a controversial track record, although they generally value privacy, internet freedom, and free speech. They are largely decentralized with no clear leader.